2011-04-06

What is that Tages looking at?


The explanation of this mirror is always the same among Etruscanists and consistently comprised of the following elements:
  • Pava Tarχies is assumed to mean 'Child of Tages' (cf. Latin puer 'child' and Tages).
  • Veltune is assumed to be Roman Vertumnus, god of seasons and change.
  • Tages is assumed to be teaching Aule of Tarchon (Avl Tarχunus) the art of haruspicial divination.
  • The woman marked by Ucernei is a mystery.
  • Raθlθ is another head-scratcher.
First, I will not accept the value of pava as 'child' based only on these idle look-alikes with an unrelated language like Latin. This is unmethodological. I take pava to mean instead 'prophecy' or 'divination' and thus 'The Prophecy of Tarchiie'. This fits much better with context and grammar. Note that Tarχies ends in the type-I genitive ending and so it can only ever mean 'X of Tarchiie', whatever value we decide to give pava. Certainly then, the phrase neither means 'Child Tages' nor 'Child of Tages' which both conflict with context and/or grammar. So clearly this hypothesis is already suspicious.

Second, how are we certain (aside from depending on more idle phonetic look-alikes) that Tarχies refers somehow to 'Tages'? Another hypothesis based on the much frowned-upon eyeballing technique, hmm? How to explain the missing 'r' then in the reported Roman name?

Lastly, it annoys me that despite describing the mirror repeatedly over the decades, all authors I've read insist on leaving the overall meaning of this mirror an unexplained mystery without bravely asking new questions or providing new interpretations. If the same unproven assumptions are repeated over and over without progress (as among Jean-René Jannot, Nancy De Grummond and Suzanne Rasmussen), maybe we're not asking enough questions.

Quite honestly I remain a little confused about this mirror myself but I have questions that I don't see anyone addressing so I'll just throw out some ideas I've been pondering on recently:
  • What do the two nude male deities represent? They seem almost to suggest opposites: one young, the other mature; one on the left, the other to the right; one is attached to Apollonian icons (eg. laurel), the other to Martial ones (eg. spear). Are they the "young sun" (beginning of the year) versus the "old sun" (end of the year)? Are they Jove versus Anti-Jove (Veiovis)? Peace and War? North and south?

  • Is the haruspex looking at something more specific than just the liver as a whole? I've been noticing that he's looking at a specific region of the liver more closely. Perhaps he spies the pyramid region displayed prominently on one side of the Piacenza Liver. Do the prophecies from this particular region of the liver suggest a more specific kind of prophecy such as the future of a city and its ruler?

  • Is the sun rising in the east or setting in the west? How can we determine the orientation of this scene knowing that Etruscans considered the proper orientation of cardinal directions important to their rites? Is this a specific rite meant to convey something specific? Does it need to be performed at a certain point of day for a symbolic reason?

4 comments:

  1. Two questions come to mind.

    The winged god at the bottom: Is this the Etruscan equivalent of Atlas, holding up the world?

    The god(dess) with the four horses: Is this the Etruscan equivalent of Apollo, driving the solar chariot? Or, since the sun itself is depicted, could it be the sky god?

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  2. It seems to me that this mirror shows the same tripartite division seen in a couple of other Etruscan mirrors I've talked about.

    Given this, the chariot-driving god above is the anthropomorphized Sun (and there would be no point for the empty sky to have a chariot since it doesn't really "move" anywhere like the sun does). The chariot is a symbol of the sun's swiftness across the sky since horses were appreciated for their speed. Compare with images of Greek Helios. The god on the bottom is then representative of the underworld somehow.

    If I were now to match these gods with names, I might identify the sun god above as Tinia and I'd label the god below as Tluschva, god of the depths. This then would convey the vertical extremities of the Etruscan cosmos.

    Building from there, do Rathlth and Veltune represent similar extremities of the cosmos somehow? I'm not sure, but then again, is anyone in this field?

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  3. "Tarχies ends in the type-I genitive ending and so it can only ever mean 'X of Tarchiie'"

    Let me see if I got this right: there's a difference in meaning between type-I and type-II genitive?

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  4. No, 'type-I' and 'type-II' simply refer to two distinct patterns in case endings (see Lingua Files:Etrusco-Lemnian declension [pdf]). Tarχies is the s-genitive of a name *Tarχie (ending in the popular name formant -ie). If it were type-II, the genitive would have been **Tarχial.

    Regardless of type and despite these two very different genitive endings, the meaning of the case stays the name: to indicate origin, belonging or recipient.

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